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18states-data2.zip
Virginia.docx
1- ANNA—LOUISA Lake
Benefit: Visitor and Activities.
What used it for: Recreational.
Note: it does not designed to be control flood and stormwater, it needs to development to be a part of sponge city.
2- Rainwater Garden
Benefit: Increasing the amount of water that filters into the ground, which recharges local and regional aquifers. Helping protect communities from flooding and drainage problems. Helping protect streams and lakes from pollutants carried by urban stormwater – lawn fertilizers and pesticides, oil and other fluids that leak from cars, and numerous harmful substances that wash off roofs and paved areas. Enhancing the beauty of yards and neighborhoods. Providing valuable habitat for birds, butterflies, and many beneficial insects.
What used it for: A Rain Garden is a shallow landscaped depression that incorporates many pollutant removal mechanisms including temporarily ponding stormwater runoff 6 to 12 inches above a mulch layer that encourages the rainwater to infiltrate into the underlying native soil within 48 hours. Rain gardens are an easy and effective tool that we can use to help reduce stormwater runoff from residential properties. These gardens are strategically placed to intercept pollutant laden stormwater runoff until it can be fully absorbed into the ground.
3- Green Roofs
Benefit: Reduced heat island effect, due to the cooling effect of the green roof plants. Reduced stormwater volumes, resulting from the rainwater-retention capacity of the plants and soil. Reduced stormwater flow rates, resulting from the ability of the system to slow the flow of heavy rains through the system. Reduced energy use, due to improved insulating characteristics of the system. New wildlife habitat, primarily for insects and birds. New passive recreational space, accessible to the entire VCU community.
What used it for: A green roof is a roof made up of layers of soil and plants on its surface; like a traditional roof, there’s a waterproofing layer under the dirt and plants. Rainwater that falls on the roof is absorbed by the soil and taken up by the plants. As a result, less rainwater — and accompanying pollutants — run off the roof and into nearby storm drains and streams.
4- Wetland
Benefit: Flood Control: The wetlands work as a natural measure to help slow down the rising water from storms that may cause flooding. This is accomplished by acting as a giant sponge, absorbing and holding water during storms. Erosion Control: Coastal wetlands absorb the erosive energy of waves, thus reducing further erosion. Pollutant Filter: Wetlands also filter pollutants, much like a kidney detoxifies potentially harmful fluids in your body. Pollutants carried by stormwater can be trapped by wetland vegetation. These excess nutrients are used by plants to promote growth. Fish and Wildlife Habitat: Wetlands are resting, nesting, breeding, and spawning areas for many species of fish, shellfish, as well as other wildlife.
What used it for: Wetlands have many chemicals, physical, and biological functions. They benefit entire ecosystems, including resident human populations (Hershner, 1992). Wetland’s trap waterborne sediments and retain nutrients and toxic chemicals by filtering them out of inflowing water and storing or transforming them. Wetlands also can recharge groundwater supplies or serve as points of groundwater discharge to the surface. Coastal-zone and flood-plain wetland mitigate the effects of flooding caused by tides and runoff by reducing flow velocity, storing water temporarily, and releasing it gradually.
5- Forest
Benefit: recreation activities.
What used it for: Visitor.
6- Rainwater Recycling/ Harvesting
Benefit: Every home can have a rain barrel. Rain barrels store rainwater which reduces flooding and pollution. You can use the water for your garden or to wash your car to save on your utility bill. Also, Reduce runoff from the property. Provide non-potable water sources for reuse. Provide additional water storage for slow release to Conservation Landscapes and Rain Gardens.
What used it for: Rainwater Harvesting is a term for the age-old concept of capturing runoff and storing it in a Rain Barrel, cistern, or another container for future use. Rain Barrels and cisterns are similar in function and design, but the cistern is a larger tank than a Rain Barrel. Rainwater that falls on a rooftop is collected and conveyed into an above- or below-ground storage tank for non-potable water uses such as irrigation, exterior washing (e.g., washing cars, building exteriors, etc.), operating water features (ponds and fountains), and possibly some interior reuse options like flushing toilets or laundry (indoor uses may require additional treatment of the water as per local health codes). In many instances, Rainwater Harvesting is combined with Conservation Landscapes, Rain Gardens, or landscaped areas to allow stormwater stored temporarily in the tank to be used to water these practices and infiltrate into the ground.
Note: Rainwater harvesting is the practice of collecting rainwater for reuse. While it is allowed—even encouraged.
7- Permeable Ground Surface
Benefit: Permeable pavements help reestablish a more natural hydrologic balance and reduce runoff volume by trapping and slowly releasing precipitation into the ground instead of allowing it to flow into storm drains and out to receiving waters as effluent. In addition, Come in more colors and shapes than traditional concrete or asphalt. Can create a longer-lasting surface compared with conventional concrete. Can reduce flooding on your property or the surrounding area.
What used it for: Permeable pavers (sometimes also referred to as permeable interlocking concrete pavement, or PICP) are pavers that provide a stormwater management solution to your property. They work by filtering pollutants, reducing water runoff, and keeping water on site without the need for a retention pond. With permeable pavers, any rain that falls on the patio, walkway, or driveway will seep back into the ground, which also reduces the burden on local storm drains.
8- Bioretention Facility
Benefit: Bioretention is a stormwater management technique designed to mimic the way water is filtered through plants and soil in natural environments. Vegetated depressions capture and slow the flow of stormwater, which allows the water to be taken up by plants and seep into the ground. This process helps filter out pollutants before the stormwater is released into waterways. Bioretention areas help control and treat stormwater runoff from small storms.
What used it for: Bioretention areas are shallow landscaped depressions which are typically under drained and rely on engineered soils, enhanced vegetation and filtration to remove pollution and reduce runoff downstream. They are aimed at and treating runoff from frequent rainfall management events.
Alabama.docx
1- Guntersville Lake
Benefit: Guntersville Lake, which is best known as Lake Guntersville, is located between the cities of Bridgeport and Guntersville. Covering 69,000 acres, it's Alabama's largest lake Guntersville Lake, which is best known as Lake Guntersville, is located between the cities of Bridgeport and Guntersville. Covering 69,000 acres, it's Alabama's largest lake. From swimming and fishing, to boating and skiing, it offers a great variety of recreational activities.
What used it for? For recreational activities.
Note: It just for Recreational activities. It needs to development to be a part of Sponge city.
2- Rain gardens
Benefit: Rain Garden catch, filter, and hold stormwater. They are simple gardens designed in pocket-like depressions to capture rainwater from your rooftop, driveway, and upland areas. They allow the rainwater to then slowly soak into the ground over a period of a day.
What used it for: Rain gardens are part of stormwater management systems that are both beautiful and functional. Rain gardens are shallow, vegetated landscape depressions that slow water for a short time to provide stormwater infiltration, pollutant filtration, native plant habitat, and effective stormwater treatment for small-scale residential or commercial drainage areas.
3- Green roofs
Benefit: Main benefit that the green roof provides your home is the look as it makes your home more beautiful. Next is it reduces energy costs by reducing tempura tires on the roof, conserving heating and cooling energies. Another benefit of green roofs is that increases your property’s value in urban areas. Lastly, since these are plants, then it is a given that it helps out the environment be less polluted.
What used it for: Green Roofs can be used in many applications. They have been widely used for their stormwater management and energy savings potential, as well as their aesthetic benefits. A green roof is a layer of vegetation planted over a waterproofing system that is installed on top of a flat or slightly-sloped roof. Green roofs are also known as vegetative or eco–roofs.
Downtown Birmingham, AL with Green RoofsRendering by: Hawkins Partners, Aerial from Live Local Maps (Now Bing)
4- Wetland
Benefit: boosting coastal resilience, reducing flood risk, stabilizing shorelines, and protecting natural ecosystems.
What used it for? Coastal wetlands provide important habitat for the fish, wildlife and plants that support natural infrastructure and help protect coastal communities from storm flooding and sea-level rise. Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the year, including during the growing season.
Top Swamp Wetland
5- Forest
Benefit: Visitor.
What used it for: Recreational activities
Conecuh National Forest in southern
6- Rainwater Recycling/ harvesting
Benefit: collecting roof runoff actually could have some benefits for both your community and the environment. Conventional stormwater practices can carry pollutants great distances, cause flooding and prevent groundwater tables from replenishing. Collecting rainwater reduces runoff from roofs, driveways and other impervious structures.
What used it for: Harvesting rainwater is also useful in drought preparation, water management in flood and erosion-heavy areas and reducing demand on local water systems. Some plants also prefer rainwater because it contains almost no chlorine or other additives often found in supplied water.
Note: There are no current regulations for rainwater harvesting.
7- Permeable Ground Surface
Benefit: The pavers used in both parking lots are proving to be an exciting product that has been successful in addressing the problem that expanding cities are facing “Storm water can become a major issue for cities as they grow,” the material supplier noted. “Storm drains are only so big, and we continue to build new buildings with new parking lots, but the storm overflow they can cause contributes to the pollution of our water systems, to erosion and can even cause the flooding of buildings.”
What used it for: Permeable ground surface is an alternative to conventional impervious pavement that allows stormwater to drain through the surface and into a stone reservoir, where it infiltrates into the underlying native soil or is temporarily detained. Permeable pavers provide a unique drainage capability and create a visually attractive appearance. Its void area is only 15 percent, yet this small amount still allows water to drain out and drain out very quickly, a key element of pervious pavers’ success in dealing with runoff. Permeable pavers provide a paved surface that mimics nature’s absorption of rainwater and was specifically designed to manage the first flush of a storm, that first one inch of rain.
A significant amount of water in the water cycle is hidden from day-to-day existence in the ground below people’s feet. However, it is only found in usable quantities in certain places underground called aquifers.
8- Bioretention Facility
Benefit: Bioretention cells (BRCs) remove pollutants in stormwater runoff through adsorption, filtration, sedimentation, volatilization, ion exchange, and biological decomposition. A BRC is a depression in the landscape that captures and stores runoff for a short time while providing habitat for native vegetation that is both flood and drought tolerant. BRCs are stormwater control measures (SCMs) that are similar to the homeowner practice, rain gardens, with the exception that BRCs have an underlying specialized soil media and are designed to meet the desired stormwater quantity treatment storage volume. Peak runoff rates and runoff volumes can be reduced, and groundwater can be recharged when bioretention is located in an area with the appropriate soil conditions to provide infiltration.
What used it for:
A bioretention area is designed with one of the two basic configurations: (1) with an underdrain connected to a stormwater collection system; or (2) without an underdrain (“no-underdrain”) and infiltration into a permeable soil profile, providing groundwater recharge. The underlying soil is the main factor determining which configuration is used. [2] The no-underdrain design is a better choice when feasible because of aquifer recharge. However, the underdrain design is likely to be more appropriate over much of Alabama because of the occurrence of clayey soils.
Delaware.docx
1- Newark Lake
Benefit: It is a new lake, having been built in 2006 to hold and supply water to the city.
What used it for? Newark Reservoir is a popular recreational area thanks to its walking trails. One of the trails encircles the entire lake, which is a total of 1.8 kilometers.
Note: It just for Recreational activities. It needs to development to be a part of Sponge city.
2- Rainwater garden
Benefit: Rain gardens slow down and reduce runoff and thus help prevent flooding and erosion. In addition, the garden’s soil and plants filter pollutants in rainwater.
What used it for? Rain gardens can be a great way to manage stormwater. Rain gardens are shallow depressions, planted with perennials and woody plants, which collect water from roofs, driveways, other impervious surfaces, and turf grass.
3- Green Roofs
Benefit: Green roofs provide many environmental and social benefits, especially in urban areas where impermeable surfaces and unsightly rooftops dominate.
What used it for? Captures and manages stormwater. Reduces the “heat island effect.” Prevents and reduces air pollution. Extends the life of rooftops. Provides heating and cooling effects for the building.
4- Wetland
Benefit: Slow the flow of runoff. Improve water quality. Control erosion. Provide fish and wildlife habits. Provide recreation. Supply groundwater. Absorb floodwater and reduce flood. Protect the coast from stormwater.
What used it for? used for hunting, trapping, fishing, timber, and livestock grazing. These uses tend to preserve the wetland integrity, although the qualitative nature of wetlands may be modified, especially by forestry practices.
5- Forest
Benefit: visitors and activities.
What used it for? Pure water. Recreation. Scenic beauty. Plant and animal habitat. Sustainable timber and natural gas. Many other uses and values.
State Forest
6- Rainwater recycling
Benefit: Harvesting water involves capturing rainwater, grey-water, and wastewater on your property and recycling it on site, either for irrigation or to recharge groundwater supplies. Implementing this water conservation strategy provides a myriad of environmental benefits.
What used it for? uses of rainwater:
· Hand water your lawn and garden.
· Connect rainwater collection system to irrigation/sprinkler system.
· Wash your vehicles.
· Wash your pets.
· Refill your fountains and fish ponds.
· Refill your swimming pool.
7- Permeable ground Surface
Benefit: Pollution of surface water. Flooding of surface water and erosion of stream banks. Water table is not adequately recharged. Formation of stagnate water puddles. Heat island effect.
What used it for? Permeable surfaces (also known as porous or pervious surfaces) allow water to percolate into the soil to filter out pollutants and recharge the water table.
8- Bioretention Facility
Benefit: Given their ability to reduce surface runoff, infiltration trenches are a very effective Green Technology BMP. However, infiltration trenches can provide minimal benefits in terms of reducing concentrations of pollutants such as nitrate, since they are located below the root zone and surface soil profile, where most filtering occurs in other Green Technology BMPs.
What used it for? Bioretention facilities are the most effective distributed BMP for sites with high pollutant concentrations. As with bioswales and filter strips, they can be easily incorporated into the design of projects with minimal loss of usable ground. Since they simultaneously filter and infiltrate runoff, they are not only very effective in reducing pollutant loads; they can also provide considerable recharge.
Florida.docx
1-
water in Crescent Lake Fl for fishing.
Note: It just for Recreational activities. It needs to development to be a part of Sponge city.
2- Rainwater Garden
Benefit: Rain gardens are an easy way to return water to our aquifer, reduce erosion, and help prevent stormwater runoff
What used it for? Friendly Landscape that absorbs runoff and allows it to filter back into the soil. They recharge the local aquifer by increasing the amount of water that filters into the ground; reduce the amount of urban pollutants – fertilizer, pesticides, car oil, etc. – that get carried away by stormwater runoff and enter nearby surface water bodies; provide habitat for birds, butterflies, and beneficial insects; and improve property value by adding curb appeal to the landscape.
3- Green Roofs
Benefit: Reduces stormwater volume (50% to 85%). Improves stormwater quality through load reduction. Saves water by harvesting rain. Reduces heat island effect. Lowers surface temperatures by 40°-50° F. Energy savings can reach 15% 30%. Reduces noise for building occupants. Increases the life of the roof and reduces roof maintenance costs. Contributes to biodiversity and creates habitats for birds and invertebrates. Filters air pollutants and captures airborne particles
What used it for? Green roofs reduce total stormwater runoff volume and peak flows, improve building insulation properties (reducing heat island effects), and extend the expected life of the roof’s base material.
FIU SIPA
4- Wetland
Benefit: Florida wetlands are some of the most productive ecosystems in the world.
What used it for? Wetlands are inundated or saturated by surface water or ground water at a frequency and a duration sufficient to support, and under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soils. Soils present in wetlands generally are classified as hydric or alluvial or possess characteristics that are associated with reducing soil conditions.
5- Forest
Benefit:
What used it for? The Apalachicola National Forest is home to some of the most unique animal and plant species in the world. Here, visitors can enjoy safe, family-friendly activities such as fishing, hunting, hiking and trail-riding while surrounded by tranquil, diverse ecosystems.
Apalachicola National Forest
6- Rainwater Recycling
Benefit: Rainwater means that water facilities are under less pressure to supply water to residents, because Florida water bills are high.
What used it for? Collecting and recycling rainwater is an eco-friendly choice that many homeowners are interested in. In states like demand can be higher due to hot temperatures, having your own source of renewable rainwater means that water facilities are under less pressure to supply water to residents.
7- Permeable Ground Surface
Benefit: As with green roofs and cisterns, permeable pavers can reduce stress on potable water resources by acting as a component of a treatment train for capture, storage, and reuse of stormwater.
What used it for? for impervious surfaces, minimizing flooding and pollutant loads in stormwater runoff. They can be used for roads, driveways, walkways, patios, etc. and rainwater can be conveyed to exfiltration tanks or cisterns beneath the permeable pavers.
Pervious Pavers Tremron Jacksonville Pavers, Retaining Walls, Fire Pits | Atlanta, Miami, Orlando
Clay Permeable Pavers, Pompano Beach, Lighthouse Point, Coral Springs, FL
8- Bioretention Facility
Benefit: A bioretention system consists of a soil bed planted with suitable non-invasive (preferably native) vegetation. Stormwater runoff entering the bioretention system is filtered through the soil planting bed before being either conveyed downstream by an underdrain system or infiltrated into the existing subsoil below the soil bed. Vegetation in the soil planting bed provides uptake of pollutants and runoff and helps maintain the pores and associated infiltration rates of the soil in the bed.
What used it for? Bioretention systems are used to remove a wide range of pollutants, such as suspended solids, nutrients, metals, hydrocarbons, and bacteria from stormwater runoff. They can also be used to reduce peak runoff rates and increase stormwater infiltration when designed as a multi-stage, multi-function facility.
Gorgia.docx
1- Allatoona Lake
Benefit: Visitors and Activities
What used it for? The lake receives heavy use from campers, boaters, skiers and anglers.
Note: It just for Recreational activities. It needs to development to be a part of Sponge city.
2- Rainwater Garden
Benefit: Planting a rain garden filters stormwater runoff through soils and plants thereby reducing pollution while giving you a garden that is easy to maintain and needs little or no watering. Rain gardens typically allow about 30 percent more water to soak into the ground than an equivalent area of lawn.
What used it for? Rain gardens create a more natural flow for stormwater and reduce the amount of stormwater that runs into storm drains. By reducing flows into storm drains, they reduce peak stream flow and water pollution in nearby rivers and streams.
3- Green Roofs
Benefit: The new green infrastructure, primarily the green roof, will reduce GSU’s impact on the summer urban heat island, decrease air pollution levels, and stormwater runoff.
What used it for? This project focuses on preventing all stormwater runoff from the roof of GSU’s Sports Arena from entering the city’s combined sewer system through the use of a green roof, cistern, living wall, and rain garden.
4- Wetland
Benefit: Water quality. Flood control. Fish and Wildlife. Pest control and pollination services.
What used it for? provide a great buffer against flooding and erosion, and help control and disseminate pollutants. The coastal marshlands provide a natural recreation resource which has become vitally linked to the economy of Georgia’s coastal zone and to that of the entire state.
5- Forest
Benefit: Visitor and activities
What used it for? To do the activities.
6- Rainwater Recycling/ Harvesting
Benefit: Conserving potable water and creating a supplemental water supply. Retaining stormwater. Slowing and reducing runoff. Achieving several green building goals.
Rainwater is free. Although its initial equipment installation costs can be significant, long-term costs a r e w o r k a b l e, g i v e n o u r circumstances. • Stored rainwater gives its owner more independence from the effects of irregularities of rain events. • RWH is by nature decentralized and relatively less vulnerable to natural disasters than public water supplies.
What used it for? Rainwater harvesting creates an alternative watering source that can be used any time, even when irrigation is restricted. RWH reduces the volume of stormwater that runs off landscapes into streams, and thereby decreases soil erosion, flooding and water pollution. If captured, rainwater can be used for landscape irrigation.
7- Permeable Ground Surface/Porous
Benefit: Porous materials are designed to allow stormwater to be absorbed by the paving surface and infiltrate into the ground below. Stormwater that runs off of impervious concrete or asphalt can include high levels of pollution from motor oil, gasoline and other contaminants often found on parking lot surface. Porous paving is one way to reduce nonpoint source pollution.
What used it for? Porous surfaces allow water to permeate into the soil rather than wash off the surface. The soil acts as a natural filter, breaking down and removing pathogens and pollutants that may be present in the water as it filters through the soil. Thus, we can keep the groundwater free from contaminants. It also provides a natural source of irrigation to the surrounding soil, alleviating the need for additional water use for irrigating lawns and gardens.
8- Bioretention Facility
Benefit: Applicable to small drainage areas. Effective pollutant removals. Appropriate for small areas with high impervious cover, particularly parking lots. Natural integration into landscaping for urban landscape enhancement. Good retrofit capability. Can be planned as an aesthetic feature and meet local planting requirements
What used it for? Shallow stormwater basin or landscaped area that utilizes engineered soils or native, well-draining soil and vegetation to capture and treat runoff.
New Jersey.docx
1- Hopatcong Lake
Benefit: for outstanding boating, sailing, kayaking, swimming, fishing, water sports, and more year-round.
What used it for: The lake offering residents visitors and recreational.
Note: It is a largest lake and needs to connect it with river or nearest beach to suitable and make it a part of sponge city.
2- Rainwater Garden
Benefit: Act as a sponge and filter for your yard’s stormwater. Soak in up to 30% more runoff than a conventional lawn. Require less maintenance than a lawn – once established, a rain garden does not need to be mowed, fertilized, or watered. Provide habitat for wildlife, including bees, butterflies, and birds. Help reduce both flooding and pollution in your local water body; and Replenish groundwater, New Jersey’s main source of water.
What used it for: A rain garden is a shallow, landscaped depression that captures, filters, and infiltrates stormwater runoff. In a rain garden, healthy soil and deep-rooted plants move stormwater into the ground and help remove pollutants. One type of rain garden, a vegetated bioswale, absorbs and treats stormwater while directing it from one place to another.
3- Green Roofs
Benefit: Reduced Stormwater Runoff. Reduced Urban Heat Island Effect. Reduced Air Pollution. Energy Conservation. Increased Wildlife Habitat. Improved Quality of Life.
What used it for: A green roof is a system of lightweight soil and plants. The plants absorb some of the rain that falls on the roof, and any excess is stored in a soil layer below. Layers of soil and plants are as thin as just a few inches or as thick as several feet depending on the structural capacity of the roof and the types of plants that are specified.
4- Wetland
Benefit: Wetlands have socioeconomic as well as habitat and environmental-quality value (Tiner, 1985). They provide flood- and storm damage protection, erosion control, and public water supply and allow for the production of economically important natural species.
What used it for: wetlands are clean water, provide food and habitat for commercially and recreationally important fishes, buffer coastal communities from storms and are an integral part of the coastal viewshed – displaying giant expanses of green grasses and majestic birds. With increasing rates of sea level rise there is growing concern that these critical habitats are being lost and that the rate of loss will increase as rates of sea level rise continue to rise. The wetlands of New Jersey are valuable for their fish and wildlife and their contribution to environmental quality, society, and the economy (Tiner, 1985). Wetlands provide spawning and nursery grounds for shellfish such as crabs, clams, oysters, and shrimp and for finfish species.
5- Forest
Benefit: for activities spot.
What used it for: Visitor and recreational.
6- Rainwater Recycling/ Harvesting
Benefit: There are many benefits to harvesting rainwater such as reducing runoff during rain events, conserving potable water, having a source of relatively high-quality water for supplemental irrigation, and avoiding state permits for additional water allocations. Reducing runoff and conserving potable water contribute to a wider goal of sustainable development, particularly in densely populated areas.
What used it for: In New Jersey, there is interest in harvesting rainwater from roofs of buildings and greenhouses at businesses and farms. The most basic form of rainwater harvesting is simply diverting roof runoff away from stormwater infrastructure and onto permeable areas like lawns and landscaped areas.
Note: No regulations or laws against rainwater harvesting.
7- Permeable Ground Surface
Benefit: Throughout a typical community, paved surfaces–such as driveways, sidewalks, patios, parking lots, and roadways–are primarily composed of asphalt and concrete. The stormwater that flows across these surfaces is directed toward storm drains, inlets, streams, and ponds. In many locations, the quantity of runoff generated from the impervious surfaces is so large that it can exceed the capacity of storm drains, resulting in localized flooding. In addition, stormwater runoff contributes to sewer overflows, poor water quality and stream erosion. The replacement of conventional concrete or asphalt with porous pavements or permeable pavers helps to reduce these impacts by allowing precipitation to infiltrate into the soil below. This results in a direct reduction to peak stream flows during storms, which can help reduce erosion as well as the frequency and severity of flooding in downstream locations. Water that infiltrates into the soil replenishes groundwater, ensuring productive aquifers within the community. An added benefit to permeable surfaces is that pollutants slowly permeate through the crushed stone and soil layers, allowing natural filtration processes to improve water quality by retaining some pollutants that would otherwise enter stream and rivers with runoff. With proper maintenance, the longevity of permeable pavements typically exceeds that of conventional systems. Grass pavers can improve site appearance by providing vegetation where there would otherwise be only pavement.
What used it for: When rainwater falls on conventional pavement, such as concrete, it accumulates and then flows across and off of the impervious surfaces as stormwater runoff. Permeable pavement allows stormwater to slowly seep through (infiltrate), reaching the soil and groundwater below the surface.
8- Bioretention Facility
Benefit: The vegetation in a bioretention system removes some of the nutrients and other pollutants in the stormwater inflow. The environment around the root systems breaks down some pollutants and converts others to less harmful compounds. The use of native plant material is recommended for bioretention systems wherever possible. The goal of the planting plan should be to simulate a forest-shrub community of primarily upland type. As there will be various wetness zones within a well-designed and constructed bioretention system, plants must be selected and placed appropriately.
What used it for: Bioretention systems are used to remove a wide range of pollutants, such as suspended solids, nutrients, metals, hydrocarbons, and bacteria from stormwater runoff. They can also be used to reduce peak runoff rates and increase stormwater infiltration when designed as a multi-stage, multi-function facility. Bioretention systems are stormwater management facilities used to address the stormwater quality and quantity impacts of land development. The system consists of a soil bed planted with vegetation; it can be undertrained, or runoff can infiltrate into the subsoil. Pollutants are treated through the processes of settling and uptake and filtration by the vegetation. Pollutants are also treated within the soil bed through infiltration. The total suspended solids (TSS) removal rate is 80 – 90%; this rate will depend on the depth of the soil bed and the type of vegetation selected.
Rhode Island.docx
1- Edgewood Lake
Benefit: Visitor and activities.
What used it for: Recreational.
2- Rainwater Garden
Benefit: By trapping stormwater and allowing it to seep naturally into the ground, rain gardens minimize runoff, remove pollutants, reduce flooding, and help recharge groundwater supplies.
What used it for: A rain garden is a landscaped, shallow depression in your lawn designed to collect stormwater from your roof, driveway, or other impervious surface before it reaches the nearest storm drain or waterbody.
3- Green Roofs
Benefit: Green roofs can improve air quality, reduce noise and even extend the life of a roof by moderating roof temperatures that cause roof structures to expand and contract. A green roof system is not only pleasing to the eye and good for the environment, it is also frequently the most practical choice for many applications.
What used it for: Green roofs have a layer of plant material that absorbs water like a sponge. They capture water when it rains, slowly releasing it through evaporation and plant use. Green roofs can significantly reduce the amount of rain water that would otherwise run off an impervious roof surface. Green roofs can also help reduce building energy usage and noise levels while increasing the durability and lifespan of the roof compared to conventional roofs.
4- Wetland
Benefit: Freshwater wetlands perform functions and provide values that are vital to people and the environment. Wetlands reduce flood and storm damages by temporarily holding rainwater and surface water, thereby protecting property and structures. They protect and improve water quality; they provide important fish and wildlife habitat contributing to Rhode Island’s biodiversity; and they support hunting, fishing, bird-watching, and other recreational activities that contribute revenue to Rhode Island's economy. All of these functions and services contribute to a healthy and stable environment and economy.
What used it for: Freshwater wetlands are areas that are flooded or that have water at or near the surface for part of most growing seasons. They commonly occur between uplands and water bodies; however, many freshwater wetlands stand alone and are surrounded by upland. Freshwater wetlands are widespread throughout Rhode Island. Swamps, marshes, bogs, ponds, rivers, and streams are considered wetlands in Rhode Island as are other smaller areas and certain adjacent areas known as perimeter wetlands, riverbank wetlands, and floodplain. People often ask about lakes. Rhode Island’s lakes are freshwater wetlands, and in regulatory terms they fall within the definition of pond.
5- Forest
Benefit: Visitor and activities.
What used it for: Recreational.
6- Rainwater Recycling/ Harvesting
Benefit: Rain barrels help reduce stormwater pollution by keeping stormwater out of storm drains, and they conserve water- which saves money and helps the environment. Residential water use increases 40 to 50% during summer months, mostly due to outdoor water use. Just one inch of rainwater can generate up to 620 gallons on a 1,000 square foot roof- easily filling a rain barrel. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates a rain barrel will save most homeowners about 1,300 gallons of water during the peak summer months.
What used it for: Rain barrels are an important part of a stormwater-friendly yard care routine. A rain barrel collects and stores rainwater that would normally flow off of a rooftop and into storm drains. That stored water can then be used later, usually to water lawns or for other outdoor water uses. So, a rain barrel helps prevent stormwater pollution and conserves water! Typical rain barrels are composed of a 55gallon drum, vinyl hose, PVC couplings, and a screen to prevent insects or other debris from becoming caught in the barrel. The barrel can be placed under a gutter down spout or can be connected directly to the downspout. Some homeowners choose to connect multiple rain barrels to increase storage capacity.
Note: No regulations or laws against rainwater harvesting.
7- Permeable Ground Surface
Benefit: Reduces the amount of polluted runoff reaching surface waters by allowing runoff to soak into the ground where pollutants will be filtered out. Preserves woods and other open spaces by eliminating the need for another surface stormwater treatment system adjacent to an impervious surface. Leads to improved drainage so that pedestrians and motorists do not have to contend with large puddles. Encourages faster snowmelt and drainage, meaning less snow and ice accumulate, which reduces the need for road salt. Is comparable to the cost of impervious pavement plus the cost of a conventional stormwater system. Reduces the warming effect in urban areas when conventional asphalt is replaced with block pavers.
What used it for: When stormwater is filtered into the ground, natural processes change pollutants into useful soil components, 2 keep nuisance flooding down, recharge groundwater supplies, and help to keep drinking waters healthy. Permeable pavement is a system of load bearing, durable infrastructure surfaces that allow infiltration of stormwater into the ground. Many, though not all, permeable pavement systems have crushed rock subbases that temporarily store water before allowing infiltration to soil or facilitating drainage elsewhere.
8- Bioretention Facility
Benefit: Suitable in areas with space constraints. Can provide groundwater recharge. Improves site aesthetics Can treat multiple pollutants. Provides shade, windbreaks, and absorbs noise. Good option for retrofit of existing infrastructure. Can help reduce the "Urban Heat Island Effect. Permeable pavements help reestablish a more natural hydrologic balance and reduce runoff volume by trapping and slowly releasing precipitation into the ground instead of allowing it to flow into storm drains and out to receiving waters as effluent. Permeable pavement can reduce the concentration of some pollutants either physically (by trapping it in the pavement or soil), chemically (bacteria and other microbes can break down and utilize some pollutants), or biologically (plants that grow in-between some types of pavers can trap and store pollutants). By slowing down the process, permeable pavements can cool down the temperature of urban runoff, reducing the stress and impact on the stream or lake environment. By controlling the runoff at the source, such as a parking lot, permeable pavement can also reduce the need for or the required size of a regional BMP, such as a wet detention pond, which saves money and effort.
What used it for: Stormwater runoff flows into the bioretention area, percolates through the soil (which acts as a filter) and eventually drains into the groundwater; some of the water is also absorbed by the plants. Bioretention areas are usually designed to allow ponded water and with an overflow outlet to prevent flooding during larger storm events. Where soils have low permeability or where faster drainage is desired, designers may incorporate a perforated underdrain that routes to a storm drain system.
Texas.docx
1- Inks Lake
Benefit: Recreational. On the water, you can swim (no lifeguards on duty), boat, water ski, scuba dive and fish. We have set aside a large, no-wake zone for paddling.
What used it for: Activities
Note: Needs to develop it to make it works with sponge city, also, to connect it with nearest River or the Ocean that is to control flood.
2- Rainwater Garden
Benefit: The goal of a rain garden is to keep water on the land. Rain gardens, with their shallow depressions, capture stormwater and pro-vide for natural infiltration into the soil. This provides water for the plants and helps maintain a constant flow of water in our streams through groundwater. They also help filter out pollutants including fertilizers, pesticides, oil, heavy metals and other chemicals that would otherwise reach our creeks through storm drains or drainage ditches. By reducing the quantity of water that runs off your property, rain gardens help lower the risk of flooding and erosion.
What used it for: As Austin becomes increasingly urbanized, native landscapes are replaced with impervious surfaces that prevent rainwater from soaking into the ground. Stormwater quickly runs off these hard sur- faces, picking up pollutants from the land and carrying them to our creeks. This rapidly flowing water also increases the chances of flooding and erosion.
3- Green Roofs
Benefit: green roofs provide a host of benefits. They cool the buildings they top, preserving the lifetime of the roof itself and saving energy (and money) on air conditioning. They slow down rainwater, which can help mitigate flash flooding. They reduce the urban heat island effect, a phenomenon where cities are much warmer than their surrounding rural areas.
What used it for: Green roofs support and improve quality of life, the natural environment, sustainability, and unique community character. Also, reduction of stormwater runoff, reduction in dust and smog levels and Urban areas are usually a lot hotter than rural areas, so having plants on your roof will actually facilitate cooling.”
4- Wetland
Benefit: supporting waterfowl hunting and birding, prairie potholes also absorb surges of rain, snowmelt, and floodwaters thereby reducing the risk and severity of downstream flooding.
What used it for: services such as carbon sequestration, stormwater retention and flood prevention, water filtration, and more.
5- Forest Angelina National Forest (Zavalla)
Benefit:
What used it for: Visitor and activities.
6- Rainwater Recycling/ Harvesting
Benefit: Collecting rainwater is a means to control storm water runoff, which helps to reduce pollution in our rivers and streams. Also rainwater can be used for livestock, wildlife, firefighting and drinking water with correct filtration and sanitation.
What used it for: Rainwater harvesting is the capture and storage of rainwater for landscape irrigation, potable and non-potable indoor use, and storm water abatement. Harvested rainwater can be particularly useful when no other source of water supply is available, or if the available supply is inadequate or of poor quality.
Note: Yes, rainwater harvesting is legal in the State of Texas. According to the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, most if not all domestic water needs can be met by collecting rainfall from the roofs of homes and outbuildings. A permit to collect rainwater is not needed.
7- Permeable Ground Surface
Benefit: Permeable pavements allow water to pass through them to an underground storage area to help it infiltrate into the soil, unlike traditional impervious pavements that cause stormwater runoff. Also, Filters pollutants that may run off into drinking water sources. Replenishes ground water sources, Reduces flood risks. More aesthetically appealing than traditional concrete.
What used it for: Permeable pavement is a porous surface that filters and allows a portion of the water running off of roadways or parking lots to infiltrate and recharge ground water sources. Public infrastructure such as sidewalks, bike paths, and parking facilities constructed or retrofitted with permeable pavements ease the strain on drainage systems by diverting a portion of surface runoff to ground water reserves. They are cost effective because they reduce a development’s dependence on swales (artificial dips or slopes in the surface designed to channel, filter and increase infiltration), retention ponds, and other stormwater management tools.
8- Bioretention Facility
Benefit: Applicable to small drainage areas. Good for highly impervious areas, flexible siting. Good retrofit capability. Relatively low maintenance requirements. Can be planned as an aesthetic feature.
What used it for: Bioretention is also well suited for small lots, including those of one acre or less. Because of its ability to be incorporated in landscaped areas, the use of bioretention is extremely flexible. Bioretention areas are an ideal structural stormwater control for use as roadway median strips and parking lot islands and are also good candidates for the treatment of runoff from pervious areas, such as a golf course. Bioretention can also be used to retrofit existing development with stormwater quality treatment capacity.
