At 20C the vapor pressure of benzene (C6H6) is 75 torr and that of toluene (C7H8) is 22 torr. Assume that benzene and toluene form an ideal solution. What is the composition in mole fractions of a solution that has a vapor pressure of 40. torr at 20C?

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    ##chi_benzene = 0.34##
    ##chi_toluene = 0.66##
    The idea here is that the vapor pressures of benzene and toluene will contribute to the total vapor pressure of the solution proportionally to their respective mole fraction – this is known as Raoult’s Law.
    Mathematically you can express this by the following equation
    ##P_sol = chi_benzene * P_benzene^@ + chi_toluene * P_toluene^@## where
    ##P_sol## – the vapor pressure of the solution
    ##chi_benzene## – fraction of benzene
    ##P_benzene^@## – the vapor pressure of pure benzene
    Now mole fraction is defined as the ratio between the number of moles of a component of a solution and the total number of moles present in the solution.
    Since you only have two components to this solution benzene and toluene you can say that
    ##chi_benzene + chi_toluene = 1##
    Let’s say that the mole fraction of benzene is ##x## and that of toluene is ##y##. You can say that
    ##x = 1 -y##
    and
    ##P_total = x * P_benzne^@ + (1-x) * P_toluene^@##
    ##40. color(red)(cancel(color(black)(torr))) = x * 75color(red)(cancel(color(black)(torr))) + (1-x) * 22color(red)(cancel(color(black)(torr)))##
    ##40. = 75x + 22 – 22x##
    ##40 – 22 = 53x implies x = 18/53 = 0.3396##
    This means that you have
    y = 1 – 0.3396 = 0.6604
    The mole fractions of benzene and toluene in the solution will thus be – rounded to two
    ##chi_benzene = color(green)(0.34) ## and ## chi_toluene = color(green)(0.66)##

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