steps 6

in 3 pages need 10 resources for each next to sentences. just from what i attached
1-Implementation :
Use the Eightfold Path and provide an analysis of the Flint Michigan water pollution issue. You may use all previous articles as sources of information.
this is the important key points:
Implementation
– Moores strategic triangle and its elementsIt is a great tool to be used by the public managers when thinking of coming up with new policies that matters to the public failure to meet the three elements of the strategic triangle will make the success of the policy very difficult and maybe impossible.Example to apply the strategic triangle: SAFER AIR Act of 2010Sen. Robert Bennett proposed and wrote this Act that involves the Department of Homeland Security (HSD) to ensure advanced imaging devices installed at the airports and metro stations to scan passengers before they get to the airplane or the train and to inspect them for any possible chance to carry explosive weapons. So the main goal is the security and safety of the public.
1- The first element of the strategic triangle is the Public Value looking to the reason and proposes of this act we will find it is really concerned about the public safety but on the other hand people did not like such advanced technology that could provide very clear image for the human body naked. This is considered to be violation to the privacy right even though the goal behind is to save people lives. This led to a conflict between two public values. This Act died at the end and was sent back for committee.
2- The Authorizing Environment. SAFER AIR Act didnt have a good political support and that is another reason for it to die at an early stage as the Congress sent it back for a committee with a list of comments saying No.
3- The Operational Capability or Sustainability from what I have seen from this Act I think it is doable but it will cost a lot of money to come up advanced devices and technology that could do what it should do to scan the passengers and also at the same time ensure high level of privacy and ensure the images taken by these devices are not transferred or accessed by anyone other than the person operating the scanning device.
2- Research and Methods :We will examine the following and you will write up the answer as an Question #5 for this course:The Flint Water System was found to be toxic so the main water source reverted to the Detroit system not the Flint River. After the switch the water needed to be retested. Read the following and determine:What is the research question?What are the variables?What is the research design?What was the sampling process?How was the data collected?How was the data analyzed?Why or why not was this effective? What did the results show?
Research and Methods Outline
What is Research?
Evidence-based Argumentation: Make predictions based on evidence as opposed to assumptions
Induction: Learning from the world by observations
Why?
Tools to conduct good research
Evaluate
Give opinions
Scientific research is a strategy for generating reliable knowledge to address problems
In our case the problems faced by public managers
The best decision made by public sector managers are based not on instinct but on an informed understanding of whats happening on the ground (Eller Gerber Robinson 2013)
Toulmin Argument in Public Administration
Claim: the statement you seek to evaluate
Specific falsifiable relevant
Reason/ evidence:
The reason why we do research
Warrant:
How the evidence or reason is sufficient enough to provide confidence in claim
Descriptive Research: Who? What? When? How many?
Example: Is the water safe to drink in Flint Michigan?
Explanatory Research: Why? How?
Example: Why does Flint river water have high levels of lead?
Causation & Correlation:
Correlation does not imply causation
Causal inference: X causes Y
Correlation: There is a pattern
Understand the initial tasks of research and evaluation
3 stages of research:
Formulating Research Question and Hypothesis
Collecting Relevant Data
Analyzing Data
Writing a literature review
Purpose:
Substantive introduction
Explanation of importance
Context-setting
Creating an annotated bibliography: A comprehensive listing of major research articles reports books and other similar sources of information about a specific topic
Understand the techniques used in obtaining general background information:
Conducting preliminary interviews with key informants or subject matter experts
Identify and understand basic concepts of types of data gathering techniques
Conducting Background Interviews with Subject Matter Experts (SMEs):
Persons with specialized knowledge expertise and experience within a particular policy domain or program area
The Value of SME Interviews:
Identify core policy issues and challenges
Identify core research challenges
Assess critical questions
Data Gathering-
Field Research
Surveys
Existing Data Sets
Creating and Original Data Set
Research Design
Basic challenge
Develop an understanding of exactly how to approach the data collection process when attempting to evaluate or assess some program or policy
Research design
Refers to the general process by which data gathering efforts are structured and defined; that is what is to be studied and how what variables are to be included in the study how they are measured in relation to one another and how those data are gathered
Basic Concepts for Research Design
Experiment: An activity where a researcher controls or manipulates the conditions under which some sort of subject is examined in order to observe and measure a specific cause-and-effect relationship
Treatment: A variable or condition that the researcher introduces into the experiment in order to see whether it has an effect on the subjects
Control group: Those subjects in the experiment that do not receive the treatment
Ethics and Research Design
Issues of potential bias and conflicts of interest in the conduct of a research or evaluation study is of paramount concern
Issues of subject selection and subject inclusion
Ethics and the Research Process
It is critical to understand the importance of protecting the rights of other persons in any project that involves gathering any type of data a from other persons.
Example: Tuskegee Syphilis Study (withholding treatment from subjects)
Protections:
Institutional Review Boards (IRB) for University Research
Federal Guidelines for biomedical research
Measurement:
Understanding the Basics of Measurement
Operationalization- Translating a concept of interest into a form that can be measured
Understanding what to study and what to measure
Variables
Qualitative vs. Quantitative Methods
Qualitative- goal is to examine understand and describe a phenomenon
There are non-numerical differences between categories (usually designated by words or labels -i.e. Gender) Values consist of numbers and differences between values can be expressed in numbers
Quantitative- goal is to analyze and represent the relationship mathematically through statistical analysis
Values consist of numbers and differences between values can be expressed in numbers
Dependent vs. Independent variables
Dependent- what is being tested and observed
Independent- not change by other variables stand-alone
Levels of Measurement
Nominal Variables: Names/ Labels
Race/ethnicity gender colors
Ordinal Variables: Order
Agree / disagree scales ranked orders variables with discrete categories
Interval Variables/ Ratio Variables (an absolute zero)
Temperature age income any continuous variable
Sampling Methods
Random Sampling – every person in known population gets and even chance of being selected
Systematic Sampling – every Nth unit or element from the sample frame list gets selected
Stratified Sampling – actual representation of the population- researcher divides a heterogenous population into several strate and then takes a sample from each stratum usually with the size of the sample for each strata being proportional to the size of the strata in the overall population
Snowball Sampling – non-probability sampling where researcher relies on referral from initial subjects to identify other population members
Assessing Measurement Validity and Reliability
Validity assessment approach
Face validity – when test seems to be effective in terms of stated aim
Content validity – how well a test measures the behavior for which it is intended.
Reliability assessment approach
Test—retest – A measure of consistency for test
Issues of Validity and Inference:
Internal Validity:
Understanding the nature of internal validity and threats to it are critical to drawing causal inferences
Did you actually measure (accurately and validly) the concepts and variables you intended to?
Did you account for or rule out competing explanations?
Threats to internal Validity
Threat of history
Threat of maturation
Threat of testing
Threat of instrumentation
Threat of regression to the mean
Threat of selection bias
Threat of mortality
External validity:
Can the results be generalized to other settings beyond the specific sample gathered for the purposes of conducting a given study?
Threats to external validity:
Involve interaction of the nature of the study (and its treatment) with specific aspects of conducting an experiment (i.e. an interaction between treatment and testing)
Type of Experiment
True Experiment
Subjects are randomly assigned to treatment conditions
All phenomenon is completely controlled
Excellent for showing cause and effect relationships
High on internal validity
Quasi-Experiment
Natural experiments
Subjects are already in the treatment level experimenter has no control
Similarities
Study participants are subjected to some type of treatment or condition
Some outcome of interest is measured
The researcher test whether differences in this outcome are related to the treatment
Research Methods
– Quantitative: measured in numbersQualitative: measured as a category or nonnumeric unit.
– Reliability: arriving at the same results or at least very similar results every time I re-conduct the studyValidity: likely to happen and have not just appeared by chance
– Likert scale measure: survey question that seek answers on a point scale
– Dependent variable: depends on the influence of the independent variable Independent variable: responsible for causing the changes in the outcome
Control variable: variables that are not under study but might affect the
dependent variable
– Classis Research Design
has pretest and posttest control groups simple straight forward groups
are randomly selected.
– Sampling designs:
1 Simple Random Sampling randomly chosen and each member has exactly an equal probability of being selected for the sample. 2 Cluster Sampling the population is divided into groups then a random sample of the clusters in selected.
– Inductive Approach: no hypothesis
– Deductive Approach: hypothesis needs to be proves
Fivethirtyeight.com What went wrong in Flint?http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/what-went-wrong-in-flint-water-crisis-michigan/Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated with the Flint Drinking Water Crisishttp://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/pdf/10.2105/AJPH.2015.303003We helped uncover a public health crisis in Flint but learned there are costs to doing good sciencehttp://theconversation.com/we-helped-uncover-a-public-health-crisis-in-flint-but-learned-there-are-costs-to-doing-good-science-54227Moving Forward After Flinthttp://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/2016/3/moving-forward-after-flintInformal and Formal Rulemakinghttp://www.wise-intern.org/orientation/documents/crsrulemakingcb.pdfFlint + Bureaucracyhttps://psmag.com/the-bureaucratic-malfeasance-that-created-flint-and-sebring-s-water-crises-3cc6823f3b12#.gkk4lwwruAtlantic articlehttp://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2016/04/flint-water-lead-criminal-charges/479127/NPR — Bureaucrcyhttp://michiganradio.org/post/snyder-charges-show-bureaucrats-blame-flint-water-crisis#stream/0Outrage over Flinthttp://web.a.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.callutheran.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=af3544a2-457a-4ca7-90f9-5efe48d30d66%40sessionmgr4001&vid=86&hid=4114Safe Drinking Water Acthttps://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-04/documents/epa816f04030.pdfEPA and Water Safelyhttps://www.epa.gov/lead/enforcing-lead-laws-and-regulationsAdministrative LawOrigins of the EPAhttps://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/epas-origins-duties-transferred-epa-other-federal-agencies.htmlEnabling Act of the EPAhttps://archive.epa.gov/epa/aboutepa/epa-order-11102-initial-organization-epa.htmlCreating Public Valuehttps://www.hks.harvard.edu/m-rcbg/CSRI/publications/workingpaper_3_moore_khagram.pdfCongressional Record Safe Drinking Water Acthttps://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31243.pdfLobby assessment of Safe Drinking Water Acthttp://lobby.la.psu.edu/015_Disinfectant_Byproducts/Congressional_Statements/House/H_Waxman_Safe_Drinking_Water.htmWashington Post – Anti-Flinthttps://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/one-citys-solution-to-drinking-water-contamination-get-rid-of-every-lead-pipe/2016/05/10/480cd842-0814-11e6-bdcb-0133da18418d_story.htmlResearch about Flint from Virginia Techhttp://flintwaterstudy.orgPlumbing Researchhttp://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/authors?id=10.Flint Water Researchhttp://flintwaterstudy.org/page/3/State allows lawsuit to standhttp://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/michigan/flint-water-crisis/2016/10/27/flint-water-crisis/92839776/Flint Residents Must Begin Paying for Waterhttps://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2017/02/28/flint-residents-must-start-paying-for-water-they-still-cant-drink-without-a-filter/?utm_term=.795d522b3